Pregação e Ensinamentos

Sobre a vida e legado de Santo Antônio

Santo Antônio de Pádua segurando o Menino Jesus, por Strozzi, c. 1625; o lírio branco representa a pureza.

Em 1222, na cidade de Forlì, vários frades dominicanos visitantes estavam presentes para uma ordenação, e surgiu um mal-entendido sobre quem deveria pregar. Os franciscanos esperavam que um dos dominicanos ocupasse o púlpito, sendo renomados por suas pregações. No entanto, os dominicanos vieram despreparados, pensando que um franciscano seria o homilista. Nesse dilema, o chefe do eremitério, que não acreditava que nenhum de seus humildes frades pudesse fazer uma homilia para a ocasião, chamou Antônio, que suspeitava ser o mais qualificado, e implorou-lhe que falasse o que o Espírito Santo pudesse inspirar.[6] Antônio se opôs, mas foi rejeitado, e seu sermão improvisado causou profunda impressão em sua audiência. Sua audiência foi tocada não apenas por sua voz rica e seu jeito cativante, mas também pelo tema e conteúdo de seu discurso, seu profundo conhecimento das escrituras e a eloquência com que transmitia sua mensagem.

Antonio foi então enviado pelo Irmão Graciano, o ministro provincial local, à província franciscana da Romanha, sediada em Bolonha. Logo chamou a atenção do fundador da ordem, Francisco de Assis. Francisco nutria forte desconfiança quanto ao lugar dos estudos teológicos na vida de sua irmandade, temendo que isso pudesse levá-los a abandonar seu compromisso com uma vida de verdadeira pobreza e serviço. Em Antônio, no entanto, ele encontrou uma alma gêmea que compartilhava sua visão e também podia fornecer o ensino que qualquer jovem membro da ordem que buscasse a ordenação pudesse precisar. Em 1224, ele confiou a Antônio a busca por estudos para qualquer um de seus frades.

A prática tradicional de orar pela ajuda de Santo Antônio para encontrar objetos perdidos ou roubados remonta a um incidente ocorrido em Bolonha durante sua vida. Segundo a história, Antônio possuía um livro de salmos que era importante para ele, pois continha suas anotações e comentários para uso no ensino de seus alunos. Um noviço que havia decidido ir embora levou o saltério consigo. Antes da invenção da imprensa, qualquer livro era copiado à mão e, portanto, um item de alto valor; um frade franciscano em particular, dado seu voto de pobreza, teria dificuldade em substituir tal item. Quando Antônio percebeu que seu saltério havia desaparecido, rezou para que fosse encontrado ou devolvido, após o que o ladrão foi motivado a não apenas devolver o livro a Antônio, mas também a retornar à ordem. Diz-se que o livro roubado está preservado no convento franciscano de Bolonha.

Ocasionalmente, Antônio assumiu outro cargo como professor em universidades como a Universidade de Montpellier e a Universidade de Toulouse, no sul da França, mas sua pregação era considerada seu dom supremo. Segundo o historiador Sophronius Clasen, Antônio pregava “a grandeza do cristianismo”. Seu método incluía alegoria e explicação simbólica das escrituras. Em 1226, após participar do capítulo geral de sua ordem realizado em Arles, França, e pregar na região da Provença, Antônio retornou à Itália e foi nomeado superior provincial do norte da Itália. Ele escolheu a cidade de Pádua como sede.

Em 1228, serviu como enviado do capítulo geral ao Papa Gregório IX. Na corte papal, sua pregação foi aclamada como uma “joia da Bíblia” e ele foi contratado para produzir sua coleção de sermões, Sermões para Dias Festivos (Sermones in Festivitates). Gregório IX descreveu Antônio como a “Arca do Testamento” (Doctor Arca testamenti).


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